Health Promotion And Disease Prevention - 1000 Words

â€Å"Health promotion is an attempt to improve the health status of an individual or community, and is concerned with the prevention of disease, though this is not its only purpose, as health is not merely the absence of disease† ( Maben, Clark, 1995, p. 1163). Health promotion is commonly used term in health care world, and in current society the promotion of health has greater significance, especially with the rise in consumerism. Health promotion is a vital concept for nursing, symbolizing notions that nursing is related today. Nurses are being urged to take a health promotion role, and are deemed by others as an ideal role for them. It is therefore crucial that nurses cognize the meaning of health promotion and also what is expected from them by undertaking this role (Raphael, 1998). The significance of health promotion and disease prevention as a principal element of current national health care policy is emphasized in Healthy People 2020. Health promotion consists of all actions that encourage maximum spiritual, mental and physical functions despite of whether an individual is ill or well. Most of these plans are aimed at bringing positive lifestyle changes (Van Leuven, Prion, 2007). A major core competency for all NPs is health promotion. Through regular screening, immunizations and counselling, NPs can guide their patients towards the goal of health promotion and disease prevention. As a future NP, my goal is to provide patient-centered, holistic careShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention871 Words   |  4 PagesChronic disease is one of the leading causes of death. People get a chronic disease because of tobacco use, poor diet, lack of physical activities and host among others things. The question is why we are not taking on the initia tive on improving the quality of life by at eliminating the things that causes chronic diseases. Lately, there have been numerous of debates on whether prevention or treatment saves money. Some have argued that the prevention cannot save money, but rather increases the costRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbe anything wrong with living that way, the US Department of Health and Human Services (Healthy People 2020, 2010) set out to create a program to promote health across all stages of life. That is where Healthy People 2020 comes in. Healthy People 2020 is an approach with a set purpose, a list of multi sector priorities, and a program which affects nursing practice/patient care (Healthy People 2020, 2010). The US Department of Health and Human Services developed the â€Å"Healthy People† program overRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention996 Words   |  4 PagesHealth promotion and disease prevention encompass many similar contributing factors. Disease prevention is often defined as a medical based model targeting a person’s biology not the person as a whole and focuses on maintaining one’s health (Tengland, 2010). Where health promotion involves activities of wellbeing and the goal is to improve the bodies state of health (Tengland, 2010). Although these two concepts may be approached and implemented differently behavioral risk factors play major rolesRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1909 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Promotion Model One of the major issues within healthcare that should resonate with a registered nurse is health promotion and disease prevention. Health promotion is defined by the World Health Organization as, â€Å"the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health† (Health Promotion, 2014). An important nursing model that expounds on this concept is the health promotion model (HPM) developed by nursing theorist Nola Pender. Pender’s nursing model integratesRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention3437 Words   |  14 Pages In question one, I identify health promotion and disease prevention in the field of heart failure (HF) as my specific research focus. The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) cites the need to promote innovations that empower individuals to make decisions about their health and become personally involved in disease prevention and illness management (Research, 2011). Individuals with heart failure must maintain wellness and recognize signs of cardiac decompensation in order to respond promptlyRead MoreBarriers to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention1563 Words   |  7 PagesHealth promotion has been defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve it. This process requires personal participation and supportive environments. For people with disabilities, however, personal participation is often limited by non-supportive environments. Lack of knowledge on how to modify programs to meet specific needs, poor attitudes, and unfriendly environments often creates insurmountable barriers to participation for many people with disabilitiesRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention Program Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthe alarm, or school, your health is your own responsibility, and that includes sleep. Sleep health has received national attention, with various studies evaluating sleep patterns of the nation, determining the consequences of i nadequate sleep, and designating goals to meet in the future. The healthy people program, which in 2010 determined sleep-health a significant topic, intends to improve this problem. Healthy People 2020 is a health-promotion and disease-prevention program focusing on obtainableRead MoreMedical Health Promotion And Disease Prevention Plan1467 Words   |  6 PagesMental health Theory Professor: Prof. Patricia Powers Introduction The nationwide health promotion and disease prevention plan, Healthy People 2020, recognizes that mental health promotion and mental health reduction as one of the most significant health objectives. Statistic indicated that mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in United States and Canada, while suicide is the 11th leading cause of death that killed approximately 30,000 American each year (â€Å"Mental Health and MentalRead MoreReligion And Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, And Illness953 Words   |  4 PagesMany religious customs and laws extend from the early apprehensions involved with economic needs as well as health and safety regarding the consumption of certain foods or liquids. These issues resulted from the lack of preservation and purification techniques for foods and liquids and the concern of the scholars, usually the religious, in connection to health promotion, disease prevention, and illness (Waibel, n.d.). However, the views of the past d iminish with the advent of electricity and ourRead MoreHealth Promotion Program Proposal On Lyme Disease Prevention1634 Words   |  7 Pages Health Promotion Program Proposal on Lyme disease Prevention My health promotion program will focus on Lyme disease. My state-Maryland is number one in the list of top ten states for Lyme disease in United States. According to Physicians Now (2016), Although there were fewer cases of Lyme disease reported in 2012 than in previous years, the illness is still more common in Maryland than in many other states. There were 1,113 confirmed cases and 538 suspected cases in 2012, according to the Centers

Essay about Examples of Crucibles in Aurthur Millers The...

A Crucible is a container that can withstand great amount of heat, such as one required for refining gold. It can also mean a severe trial. In the play â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, severe trails occur throughout the play, not just in the courtroom but also in people’s homes and souls. I believe Arthur Miller named his play â€Å"The Crucible† because it shows the trials and hardships people face within themselves, the courtroom and Puritan society. An example of a Crucible is a trial or battle someone faces; it could be within themselves or with others. John Proctor was a wealthy Puritan that owned a large amount of property. He was well known in the town of Salem. Ever since he met Abigail, his beautiful former servant he was fighting a†¦show more content†¦I have forgot Abigail.† In this quote Proctor is having a trial with his wife saying that he wants to regain her forgiveness and love and that he does not love Abigail anymore. Another example of a Crucible is in the courtrooms of Salem. The Salem witch trials, hence the word trials, were the hangings of innocent people accused of witchcraft. Since it was a Puritan society and witches are mentioned in the Bible as well as mysterious creatures that roamed the woods around Salem, caused them to believe that witches and demonic figures existed. There is no possible way of proving someone of witchcraft so the judges relied on the victims. Danforth says â€Å"†¦how does one defend the accused? One calls up a witness to prove his innocence, but witchcraft is invisible†¦ who may possibly be witness to it? The witch and the victim†¦ we must rely upon her victims.† In this quote Danforth is telling the people in the courtroom you are guilty until proven innocent and since there is no possible way of proving your innocence you must lie to save yourself, but this is a Puritan society and lying is a sin. Many people in Salem were accused of witchcraft, and many were trailed and hanged because they refused to confess a lie The final example of a Crucible is in the Puritan society. Many Puritans were from Europe and they escaped hardships back home for a new start in the new world. Puritans

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life - An Overview

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life is a book that was published in the U.S. in 1959, written by sociologist  Erving Goffman. In it, Goffman uses the imagery of theater in order to portray the nuances and significance of face-to-face social interaction. Goffman puts forth a theory of social interaction that he refers to as the dramaturgical model of social life. According to Goffman, social interaction may be likened to a theater, and people in everyday life to actors on a stage, each playing a variety of roles. The audience consists of other individuals who observe the role-playing and react to the performances. In social interaction, like in theatrical performances, there is  a front stage region where the actors are on stage  before  an audience, and their consciousness of that audience and the audiences expectations for the role they should play influence the actors behavior. There is also a back region, or backstage, where individuals can relax, be themselves, and the role or identity that they play when they are in front of others. Central to the book and Goffmans theory is the idea that people, as they interact together in social settings, are constantly engaged in the process of impression management, wherein each tries to present themselves and behave in a way that will prevent the  embarrassment of themselves or others. This is primarily done by each person that is part of the interaction working to ensure that all parties have the same definition of the situation, meaning that all understand what is meant to happen in that situation, what to expect from the others involved, and thus how they themselves should behave. Though written over half a century ago,  The Presentation of Self in Everday Life  remains one of the most famous and widely taught sociology books, which was listed as the 10th most important sociology book of the twentieth century by the International Sociological Association in 1998. Performance Goffman uses the term ‘performance’ to refer to all the activity of an individual in front of a particular set of observers, or audience. Through this performance, the individual, or actor, gives meaning to themselves, to others, and to their situation. These performances deliver impressions to others, which communicates  information that confirms the identity of the actor in that situation. The actor may or may not be aware of their performance or have an objective for their performance, however, the audience is constantly attributing meaning to it and to the actor. Setting The setting for the performance includes the scenery, props, and location in which the interaction takes place. Different settings will have different audiences and will thus require the actor to alter his performances for each setting. Appearance Appearance functions to portray to the audience the performer’s social statuses. Appearance also tells us of the individual’s temporary social state or role, for example, whether he is engaging in work (by wearing a uniform), informal recreation, or a formal social activity. Here, dress and props serve to communicate things that have socially ascribed meaning, like gender, status, occupation, age, and personal commitments. Manner Manner refers to how the individual plays the role and functions to warn the audience of how the performer will act or seek to act in a  role (for example, dominant, aggressive, receptive, etc.). Inconsistency and contradiction between appearance and manner may occur and will confuse and upset an audience. This can happen, for example, when one does not present himself or behave in accordance with his perceived social status or position. Front The actor’s front, as labeled by Goffman, is the part of the individual’s performance which functions to define the situation for the audience. It is the image or impression he or she gives off to the audience. A social front can also be thought of like a script. Certain social scripts tend to become institutionalized in terms of the stereotyped expectations it contains. Certain situations or scenarios have social scripts that suggest how the actor should behave or interact in that situation. If the individual takes on a task or role that is new to him, he or she may find that there are already several well-established fronts among which he must choose. According to Goffman, when a task is given a new front or script, we rarely find that the script itself is completely new. Individuals commonly use pre-established scripts to follow for new situations, even if it is not completely appropriate or desired for that situation. Front Stage, Back Stage, and Off Stage In stage drama, as in everyday interactions, according to Goffman, there are three regions, each with different effects on an individual’s performance: front stage, backstage, and off-stage. The front stage is where the actor formally performs and adheres to conventions that have particular  meaning for the audience. The actor knows he or she is being watched and acts accordingly. When in the backstage  region, the actor may behave differently than when in front of the audience on the front stage. This is where the individual truly gets to be herself and get rid of the roles that she plays when she is in front of other people. Finally, the off-stage region is where individual actors meet the audience members independently of the team performance on the front stage. Specific performances may be given when the audience is segmented as such.

Pursuing a Degree in Criminal Justice Essay - 1754 Words

Today our world is filled with crime. The people committing these crimes must have a consequence for their illegal actions. The system in place to keeping everything fair and safe is called the criminal justice system. This was put in place to ensure there is fairness and justice served to people who break the laws set up by the government. Criminal justice is one of the most important majors one can study due to the necessity to keep the streets safe and clean. From street cops, to state troopers all the way to criminal psychologists the criminal justice system is a very important part of modern society as it keeps us safe from murders, rapists and various other criminals. The street cops are the ones that are out on our streets†¦show more content†¦One of these exams is to be taken as a part of Sophomore Seminar, and the other as a part of Senior Seminar (5). There are a total of fifteen required courses in order to be a criminal justice major which include Juvenile Justic e (CJ203), Criminology ( SO410), and Race and Ethnic Relations (SO205). There are also a total of nine electives three of which must be taken. In order to pursue a minor, there are seven courses which must be taken and one research course from a list of three. As with any major you must maintain a minimum 2.0 GPA in order to receive a degree. The Criminal Justice System is a set of legal and social institutions used to enforce a defined set of rules limitations (3). This system in the United States is divided into three subsections: Federal, State, and Military. Each states criminal justice department is then divided again into separate juvenile and adult systems (3). The system begins when the crime is committed and observed which leads to an investigation and arrest here the accused enters the system. The first step is after the arrest is made the criminal is held in jail until they can go to Criminal court, this usually happens within twenty four hours of the arrest unless it’s a weekend. In that case the trial will be held on Monday. While the prisoner is waiting for trial they get brought to central booking where their fingerprints and photograph are taken. At this timeShow MoreRelatedWhy I Want to Be a Police Officer Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesWHY I WANT TO BE A POLICE OFFICER Why I Want To Be a Police Officer Career Choices in Criminal Justice Dr. Darwin L. Driggers, Ybor Campus October 11, 2011 Why I Want To Be a Police Officer For as long as I can remember I have wanted to be a police officer. I’m sure, as a little boy, what first caught my attention were the flashing lights and sirens on the police cars. It could have also been then the facts that police officer were permitted to carry a gun and had the ability to runRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Social Psychology1398 Words   |  6 Pagescompetency evaluations for criminal defendants, death notification procedures, and offers treatment programs for juvenile and adult offenders. This type of psychologist needs strong assessment, interviewing and verbal communication skills to be able to conduct his job efficiently. Some of his many varied tasks may include assessing the mental state of a criminal at the time the crime was committed, rather than at the present moment, as well as determining the mental health of a criminal before he is sentencedRead MorePSY 305 Week 1 Exploring Psychology Careers Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pageslearn new thi ngs. Psychology is a degree program that produces those well-rounded, well-educated people. Psychologically literate people have an expansive vocabulary, are able to use scientific thinking, be creative when solving problems by looking at all angles, have integrity, act ethically, and are insightful about others’ behavior and their own. (R. Landrum et al, 2014) Therefore, although obtaining a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology is not a professional degree and one cannot be a PsychologistRead MoreLetter Of Public Administration Online Learning Program1118 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground that would give a reason as to why I desire to work in the public sector. I believe I was born with the will to serve others, a strong attribute that my mother held. My mother is the only individual in her family who has a baccalaureate degree. Born to a single teenage mother, she defied all odds by not repeating the cycle and worked full time to put herself through college. Due to the new path of success my mother was on, numerous of her family members relied on her for mental and financialRead MoreThe University Of Southern Mississippi848 Words   |  4 Pagesapplication for the doctoral program in criminal justice starting the fall semester of 2016. The University of Southern Mississippi is my ideal location for the achievement of a doctoral degree. I would like to demonstrate my knowledge, experience, and research ability in the field of criminal justice and correctional studies. Having majored in the discipline as a former graduate student, I want to further my education to assist and promote future changes in criminal justice and correctional policy. I amRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1630 Words   |  7 Pageschoosing a career. The education that is required for pursuing a career in the field of psychology depends on the type of psychologist you want to be. Most psychology programs require at least a master s degree to pursue a psychol ogist career, but some may require a doctoral degree. It is important to know the educational requirements as well as state requirements when entering the field of psychology. Southwestern has helped me in pursuing my educational requirements for my field of interest inRead MoreAmericas : The Victim Advocates1131 Words   |  5 Pagesserve those in need which makes them the backbone of most departments. It can also be said that victim advocates are an underrated part of law enforcement because while most people idolize detectives and their seemingly glamorous lifestyle against criminals, the men and women that call themselves Victim Advocates protect and serve those in need on an unmatchable level. First, it is important to understand what makes someone a â€Å"Victim Advocate† and explain why the position came to be in the first placeRead MoreLaw Enforcement Education And Training1703 Words   |  7 Pageshas achieved the status of a profession. In order to answer this question, there is a need to define what a profession is and identify the requisite attributes that qualifies an occupation to be identified as a profession. Criminal justice administrators have been actively pursuing professionalization for their chosen vocation while police researchers have been making recommendations which require increasing levels of higher education and an expanded college curricula for law enforcement service (CarterRead MoreI Have Always Had A Passion For Serving The Public And1463 Words   |  6 PagesI have always had a passion for serving the public and working with young people. Early on, I set my heart on being a juvenile attorney. Pursing this, I earned a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice but, it wasn’t until I interned with Safe Landing Youth Shelter where I realized my true calling. The satisfaction and fulfillment I felt working with the youth shelter pivoted my focus towards my new passion. My desire to help people is a simplified answer to why I want to pursue a career as a socialRead MoreGraduate Admissions Committee : Behavioral Analysis752 Words   |  4 Pagesprogram in Criminal Justice / Applied Behavioral Analysis, to begin in March 2016. Since earning my undergraduate degree in Psychology from Fordham University, I have been employed as a Therapeutic Support Specialist, with Pathways of Pennsylvania, and I am also a Corrections Officer, with the Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons. I have had an interest in criminal justice since I was in the seventh grade. Growing up in the neighborhood that I grew up in I witnessed a lot of criminal acts of

Essay on Capital Punishment Free Essays

Capital punishment, interchangeably known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice in which a person is executed as retribution for their offences. Most nations have allowed executions as punishment for various crimes throughout their history, however the amount of nations that abandoned their recognition of the death penalty have steadily grown since the 1800s. The United States continues to permit capital punishment, although many other developed countries have abolished it entirely. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Capital Punishment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Present nations that recognize this exchange us it only for the worst of crimes, such as mass murder, terrorism, war crimes, and other various acts against humanity. When it comes time for human life to pay for the crime, many people will find themselves facing an ethical dilemma. The economic, legal, and moral consequences of the death penalty remain under scrutiny by many Americans. Discussing capital punishment relies on a handful of core consequences: the publicity of capital punishment and its effectiveness in deterring future crime, the ethical problems surrounding execution, it can send confusing messages, and has an opportunity to be corrupted by racial prejudice. The first established capital punishment dates as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. within the Code of Hammurabi. King Hammurabi listed penalties punishable by death for twenty-five different crimes, which were given easily for thieving, illegal purchases, kidnapping, assisting slaves, disorderly conduct, rape, seduction, and more. The death penalty was also included in the Fourteenth Century B.C.’s Hittite Code, the Seventh Century B.C.’s Draconian Code, and the Fifth Century B.C.’s Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets. These sentences were often delivered by crucifixion, drowning, beating, burning, or impalement. The government ordered sentences were later performed in societies such as ancient Asia, Babylon, and Greece. In these civilizations, the death penalty was applied to theft, damage of property, and anything thought to be magic or witchcraft. In the Tenth Century A.D., hanging became normalized as the preferred method of execution, beginning in Britain. In the coming century, William the Conqueror abolished hanging, as well as all capital punishment, unless his country was at war. However, during the Sixteenth Century, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed under King Henry VIII’s reign. Boiling, burning at the stake, beheading, and drawing and quartering were all popular methods of execution. Offenses worthy of death included treason, marrying a Jew, or not confessing to a crime. Crime rate continued to rise in Britain throughout the coming two centuries, and by the 1700s, there were over 200 offenses considered punishable by death. Because death was so severe, juries would often not convict defendants if their crime appeared petty, which led Britain towards the first reformation of their capital punishments. From 1823 to 1837, the death penalty was canceled for over 100 crimes previously punishable by death. American colonies were not immune to the spread of capital punishment. Their first execution began in Virginia in 1608 when George Kendall was accused of espionage and subsequently sentenced to death by firing squad. By 1612, more colonies approved execution as proper punishment for a myriad of crimes. Executions were conducted by hanging or firing squad and, in an effort to increase deterrence, were attended by the public. Movements opposing capital punishment sprouted in the form of grass-roots organizations, and used many techniques that remain relevant to modern day, such as public meetings and petitions. During the eighteenth century’s â€Å"Age of Enlightenment†, many philosophers criticized capital punishment. This new way of thinking affected the American colonies, contributing to the first legal debates. Leaders such as Thomas Jefferson recommended capital punishment to be used only in response to crimes as evil as murder. Starting in 1794, the Pennsylvania legislature centered capital punishment around murder in the first degree. Thus began the categorization of murder, ranging from premeditated murder to involuntary murder and manslaughter. By 1849, fifteen states had passed laws providing for private executions. These executions, however, remained opposed by some abolitionists and even by some pro-death penalty advocates. Abolitionists did not want private executions on the grounds that state actions and the legal process must be a matter of public record, and pro-death penalty advocates feared private executions would taint the deterrence effect of public executions. By 1846, Michigan would prove to be the first state to entirely rid the death penalty from its law, influencing Rhode Island and Wisconsin to abolish capital punishment over a matter of seven years. Various methods of capital punishment were being thought outdated and inhumane, such as public hangings, leaving new means of execution open for design. Electrocution was adopted first by New York in 1888, followed shortly by several other states. In 1924, Nevada began using cyanide gas in executions, with gas chambers soon becoming the most common execution method in the United States. How to cite Essay on Capital Punishment, Essays

Wankel Engine free essay sample

The Wankel engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, is a type of internal combustion engine which uses a rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating motion instead of using reciprocating pistons. Its four-stroke cycle takes place in a space between the inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing and a rotor that is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle but with sides that are somewhat flatter.This design delivers smooth high-rpm power from a compact size. Since its introduction the engine has been commonly referred to as the rotary engine, though this name is also applied to several completely different designs. He began its development in the early 1950s at NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU) before completing a working, running prototype in 1957. NSU then licensed the concept to companies around the world, which have continued to improve the design. In the Wankel engine, the four strokes of a typical Otto cycle occur in the space between a three-sided symmetric rotor and the inside of a housing, although the Wankel cycle differs from Otto cycle in the duration of the expansion part of cycle, that is much longer (Columbia). In the basic single-rotor Wankel engine, the oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing surrounds a rotor which is triangular with bow-shaped flanks (often confused with a Reuleaux triangle,[14] a three-pointed urve of constant width, but with the bulge in the middle of each side a bit more flattened While a four-stroke piston engine makes one combustion stroke per cylinder for every two rotations of the crankshaft (that is, one-half power stroke per crankshaft rotation per cylinder), each combustion chamber in the Wankel generates one combustion stroke per each driveshaft rotation, i. e. one power stroke per rotor orbital revolution and three power strokes per rotor rotation.Thus, power output of a Wankel engine is generally higher than that of a four-stroke piston engine of similar engine displacement in a similar state of tune; and higher than that of a four-stroke piston engine of similar physical dimensions and weight. Engineering Felix Wankel managed to overcome most of the problems that made previous rotary engines fail by developing a configuration with vane seals that could be made of more durable materials than piston ring metal that led to the failure of previous rotary designs.Rotary engines have a thermodynamic problem not found in reciprocating four-stroke engines in that their cylinder block operates at steady state, with intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust occurring at fixed housing locations for all cylinders. In contrast, reciprocating engines perform these four strokes in one chamber, so that extremes of freezing intake and flaming exhaust are averaged and shielded by a boundary layer from overheating working parts.The boundary layer shields and the oil film act as thermal insulation, leading to a low temperature of the lubricating film (max. ~200 Â °C/400 Â °F) on a water-cooled Wankel engine. This gives a more constant surface temperature. The temperature around the spark plug is about the same as the temperature in the combustion chamber of a reciprocating engine. With circumferential or axial flow cooling, the temperature difference remains tolerable. Four-stroke reciprocating engines are less suitable for hydrogen. The hydrogen can misfire on hot parts like the exhaust valve and spark plugs. Another problem concerns the hydrogenate attack on the lubricating film in reciprocating engines. In a Wankel engine, this problem is circumvented by using a ceramic apex seal against a ceramic surface: there is no oil film to suffer hydrogenate attack. Since ceramic piston rings are not available as of 2009, the problem remains with the reciprocating engine. The piston shell must be lubricated and cooled with oil.This substantially increases the lubricating oil consumption in a four-stroke hydrogen engine. Materials Unlike a piston engine, where the cylinder is cooled by the incoming charge after being heated by combustion, Wankel rotor housings are constantly heated on one side and cooled on the other, leading to high local temperatures and unequal thermal expansion. While this places high demands on the materials used, the simplicity of the Wankel makes it easier to use alternative materials like exotic alloys and ceramics.With water cooling in a radial or axial flow direction, with the hot water from the hot bow heating the cold bow, the thermal expansion remains tolerable. Sealing Early engine designs had a high incidence of sealing loss, both between the rotor and the housing and also between the various pieces making up the housing. Also, in earlier model Wankel engines carbon particles could become trapped between the seal and the casing, jamming the engine and requiring a partial rebuild.It was common for very early Mazda engines to require rebuilding after 50,000 miles (80,000 km). This can be prevented in older Mazda engines by always allowing the engine to reach operating temperature. Modern Wankel engines have not had these problems for many years. Further sealing problems arise from the uneven thermal distribution within the housings causing distortion and loss of sealing and compression. This thermal distortion also causes uneven wear between the apex seal and the rotor housing, quite evident on higher mileage engines.Attempts have been made to normalize the temperature of the housings, minimizing the distortion, with different coolant circulation patterns and housing wall thicknesses. Fuel consumption and emissions Just as the shape of the Wankel combustion chamber is resistant to preignition and will run on lower-octane rating gasoline than a comparable piston engine, it also leads to relatively incomplete combustion of the air-fuel charge, with a larger amount of unburned hydrocarbons released into the exhaust.The exhaust is, however, relatively low in NOx emissions; this allowed Mazda to meet the United States Clean Air Act of 1970 in 1973 with a simple and inexpensive thermal reactor (an enlarged open chamber in the exh aust manifold) by paradoxically enriching the air-fuel ratio to the point where the unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in the exhaust would support complete combustion in the thermal reactor; while piston-engine cars required expensive catalytic converters to deal with both unburned hydrocarbons and NOx emissions.Advantages Wankel engines are considerably simpler, lighter, and contain far fewer moving parts than piston engines of equivalent power output. For instance, because valving is accomplished by simple ports cut into the walls of the rotor housing, they have no valves or complex valve trains; in addition, since the rotor rides directly on a large bearing on the output shaft, there are no connecting rods and there is no crankshaft. The elimination of reciprocating mass and the elimination of the most highly stressed and failure prone parts of piston engines gives the Wankel engine high reliability, a smoother flow of power, and a high power-to-weight ratio. The surface/volume-ratio problem is so complex that one cannot make a direct comparison between a reciprocating piston engine and a Wankel engine in terms of the surface/volume-ratio. The flow velocity and the heat losses behave quite differently.Surface temperatures behave absolutely differently; the film of oil in the Wankel engine acts as insulation. Engines with a higher compression ratio have a worse surface/volume-ratio. Due to a 50% longer stroke duration compared to a four-cycle engine, there is more time to complete the combustion. This leads to greater suitability for direct injection. A Wankel rotary engine has stronger flows of air-fuel mixture and a longer operating cycle than a reciprocating engine, so it realizes concomitantly thorough mixing of hydrogen and air.The result is a homogeneous mixture, which is crucial for hydrogen combustion. Disadvantages Although in two dimensions the seal system of a Wankel looks to be even simpler than that of a corresponding multi-cylinder piston engine, in three dimensions the opposite is true. As well as the rotor apex seals evident in the conceptual diagram, the rotor must also seal against the chamber ends. Piston rings are not perfect seals: each has a gap to allow for expansion.The sealing at the Wankel apexes is less critical, as leakage is between adjacent chambers on adjacent strokes of the cycle, rather than to the crankcase. However, the less effective sealing of the Wankel is one factor reducing its efficiency, confining its success mainly to applications such as racing engines and sports vehicles where neither efficiency nor long engine life are major considerations. The time available for fuel to be port-injected into a Wankel engine is significantly shorter, compared to four-stroke piston engines, due to the way the three chambers rotate. The fuel-air mixture cannot be pre-stored as there is no intake valve. Also the Wankel engine, compared to a piston engine, has 50% longer stroke duration. The four Otto cycles last 1080Â ° for a Wankel engine versus 720Â ° for a four-stroke reciprocating piston engine.

Importance of Business Correspondence- Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Write a reply in English to a Potential Customers Inquiry 2.Write a short Essay, in English, about your Own Experience and understanding of Business Correspondence, especially relating to International trade. Answers: 1.Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd. No. 8 Xing Guang 5th Street Opto-Mechatronics Industrial Park Zhongguancun Science Technology Area Tongzhou District, Beijing, China- 101111 16 August 2017 Mr. John Doe Sports Equipment Manager HiTech Sports Pvt. Ltd. PO Box 38 Wilston Qld, Australia 4051 Dear Mr. Doe: It is my pleasure to write to you concerning a recent inquiry from your company about the range of products our company could offer. Let me inform you that our company, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd. has facility to deliver products abroad by shipping. Li-Ning produces mainly sports shoes and clothing, badminton, soccer and tennis accessories, socks, caps, bags for men, women and kids. In the shoes category, there are Running Shoes, Basketball Shoes, Wade Shoes, Large Size Shoes, Badminton Shoes, Fitness Yoga Training Shoes, and Outdoor Shoes of different size and color for unisex. These shoes have different features like, Height Increase, Waterproof and Breathable. In the clothing category, there are clothes for running, basketball, badminton, Yoga and outdoor of different size and color for men women and children. In the badminton accessories, there are rackets, strings and shuttlecock. In the soccer accessories, there are football, jersey, jackets and socks. Here is the list of items in our company. We are expecting to start a business deal between us as soon as possible. Please inform me for any further assistance. Thank you in advance for any help you might be able to offer. Sincerely, (Insert your name) Assistant Manager of Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd. 999-999-0112 Hao.shin@lining.com 2.Information exchange for business activity is the main purpose of business correspondence. It follows a specific written format, which happens between organizations or customers and organization or within organizations (Rashid, 2016). I have tried to incorporate the usefulness of business letter and information technology in the area of business correspondence. The main purpose of this essay is to talk about my experience and understanding of business correspondence in relation to international trade. In case of trade and business especially international, the importance of business correspondence is immense. It helps to maintain a good business relationship between two parties. It also establishes a healthy communication among business companies by delivering business letter or correspondence in proper time and maintaining an appropriate tone (Yu Fu, 2014). This communication is fully used for business transaction, which is not restricted to any area or nation. In modern times production happens in one place but consumption spreads everywhere in the world. Especially in case of international trading, the distance between business proprietors and customers is huge and they are unable to contact with each other, thus, there are need to write letters for business transaction (Sankrusme, 2017). It could be a hand written letter, which takes some time to reach to the receiver, otherwise emails are one of the best options in these days as it takes few seconds to deliver. With the assi stance of modern technology like internet, helps to communicate fast and easily. It has transformed the business communication completely into a new paradigm (Yue, 2012). The customer as well as businesspersons could write business correspondence to each other seeking information of the products. The different types of business letters are enquiry letter incorporating detailed description, price, mode of payment and delivery of a product, discounts and offers, order letter for placing an order and complaint letter from the part of the consumers. Another type of business letter is recovery letter written for collecting money from the customers. A two-sided procedure like this enhances business into national and international level in an easy and effective way (Kolin, 2013). Sometimes business correspondence is used to maintain goodwill with the customers. Often, customers send their feedback and suggestion to the businesspersons in reply to a business letter. Sometimes business executives want to inform to the customers about the launch of new product, clearance sale. It even serves as an evidence to keep records of the communication between two parties. Business letters tone should be formal as this serves an official purpose. The language should be precise, clear and simple, accurate, to the point and devoid of any difficult words. It has an accepted format, which is followed universally (Guffey Loewy, 2012). Therefore, from the above discussion it can be summed up that there is considerable importance and usefulness of business correspondence in the business sector, more importantly for conducting the international trade, business correspondence plays a very important role. Day by day, its importance has been increasing as the business sector is growing. Reference list: Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012).Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Kolin, P. C. (2013).Successful writing at work. Cengage Learning. Rashid, N. (2016). Business Correspondence. An Introduction. Sankrusme, S. (2017).International Business Correspondence. diplom. de. Yu, Z., Fu, Y. (2014). A Study on the Characteristics and Writing Principles of Business Correspondence. Yue, C. (2012). On the evolution of writing style of business English correspondence [J].Journal of Nanchang College of Education,3, 088.